Welcome to the 'Referencing Examples' Guide.
In the text, author's surnames and date of publication are cited as for papers:
For example, "... (Cochran & Cox, 1974) ..."
In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:
Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M. (1974) Experimental designs. 2nd edn. New York: Wiley.
Always include:
In the text, references are cited by giving the author's surnames and date of publication:
For example, "... intake of dry matter in increased feeding (Castle, Drysdale & Weston, 1966)".
In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:
Castle, M. E., Drysdale, A. D. & Weston, J. N. (1966) 'The effect of feeding dried sugar-beet pulp on the intake and production of dairy cows', Journal of Dairy Research, 33(2), pp.123-128.
Always include:
If accessed online:
You should ask your tutor to clarify whether it is acceptable to cite handouts from lectures in your submissions. Academically it is more authoritative to refer to original and published sources.
In the text, tutor's surname and year of publication are cited:
For example, "...the tutor's handout (Karas, 2018) ..."
In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:
Karas, T. (2018) 'Health and safety checklist'. HF88 46: Work placement. Scotland's Rural College. Unpublished.
Always include:
Personal communications (face-to-face, telephone, Skype, e-mail, text, letter etc.) can be referenced as follows:
For example, "...this was discussed at length by Smith (2018)"...
In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:
Smith, M. (2018) Skype conversation with Robert Anderson, 13 April.
Always include:
Live lectures can be referenced as follows:
For example, "...the main point raised during the lecture (Hudson, 2018)"...
In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:
Hudson, E. (2018) 'Stage 1: Planning' [Lecture]. H10X 34: HNC Graded Unit 1. Scotland's Rural College. 12 April.
Always include:
Web Pages
Author. (Year published/ updated) Title of webpage. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
(Note - If the web page has no identifiable author, use the company name or the organisation name as the author.)
Example:
DEFRA (2009) Swine Flu: Advice to pig keepers. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/swine-flu/pig-keepers.htm (Accessed: 9 October 2009).
Electronic Journal Article
Surname, Initials. (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Issue information, Page range. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example:
Henson, S.M., Dennis, B., Hayward, J.L., Cushing, J.M. and Galusha, J.G. (2007) 'Predicting the dynamics of animal behaviour in field populations', Animal Behaviour, 74(1), pp.103-110. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.11.015 (Accessed: 9 October 2009).
Always include:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname (ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page reference.
Always include:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Always include:
Title of publication (Year of publication) [CD-ROM] OR [DVD]. Producer. Available: Publisher/Distributor.
Always include:
Ordnance Survey (Year) Title, sheet number, scale. Place of publication: Publisher (Series).
Always include:
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Always include:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of presentation' [Presentation slides]. Module code: Module title. Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Always include
If viewed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of submission) Title of thesis. Degree statement. Degree awarding body. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Always include:
Name of person or organisation posting video (Year video posted) Title of film or programme. Date uploaded. Available at: DOI or name of streaming service/app or URL (Accessed: date).
For more examples consult Cite Them Right Online.
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