Subject Guide: Horticulture, Landscape & Garden Design: Referencing Examples

In the text, author's surnames and date of publication are cited as for papers:

For example, "... (Cochran & Cox, 1974) ..."

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M. (1974) Experimental designs. 2nd edn. New York: Wiley.

Always include:

• Author/ editor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Edition (edition number if not the first edn and/or rev. edn)
• Place of publication: Publisher (see title page)

In the text, references are cited by giving the author's surnames and date of publication:

For example, "... intake of dry matter in increased feeding (Castle, Drysdale & Weston, 1966)".

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Castle, M. E., Drysdale, A. D. & Weston, J. N. (1966) 'The effect of feeding dried sugar-beet pulp on the intake and production of dairy cows', Journal of Dairy Research, 33(2), pp.123-128.

Always include:

• Author (surname followed by initials)
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of article (in single quotation marks)
• Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)
• Issue information: volume (unbracketed) and, where applicable, part number, month or season (all in round brackets)
• Page range (if available) or article number

If accessed online:

• Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date)

You should ask your tutor to clarify whether it is acceptable to cite handouts from lectures in your submissions. Academically it is more authoritative to refer to original and published sources.

In the text, tutor's surname and year of publication are cited:

For example, "...the tutor's handout (Karas, 2018) ..."

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Karas, T. (2018) 'Health and safety checklist'. HF88 46: Work placement. Scotland's Rural College. Unpublished.

Always include:

• Tutor
• Year of distribution (in round brackets)
• Title of handout (in single quotation marks)
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Institution
• Unpublished

Personal communications (face-to-face, telephone, Skype, e-mail, text, letter etc.) can be referenced as follows:

For example, "...this was discussed at length by Smith (2018)"...

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Smith, M. (2018) Skype conversation with Robert Anderson, 13 April.

Always include:

• Sender/ speaker/ author
• Year of communication (in round brackets)
• Medium of communication
• Receiver of communication
• Day/ month of communication

Live lectures can be referenced as follows:

For example, "...the main point raised during the lecture (Hudson, 2018)"...

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Hudson, E. (2018) 'Stage 1: Planning' [Lecture]. H10X 34: HNC Graded Unit 1. Scotland's Rural College. 12 April.

Always include:

• Author/ speaker
• Year (in round brackets)
• Title of communication (in single quotation marks)
• Medium (in square brackets)
• Module code: module title (in italics) (if known)
• Institution or venue
• Day/ month

Web Pages

Author. (Year published/ updated) Title of webpage. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

(Note - If the web page has no identifiable author, use the company name or the organisation name as the author.)

Example:

DEFRA (2009) Swine Flu: Advice to pig keepers. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/swine-flu/pig-keepers.htm (Accessed: 9 October 2009).

Electronic Journal Article

Surname, Initials. (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Issue information, Page range. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Example:

Henson, S.M., Dennis, B.,  Hayward, J.L., Cushing, J.M. and Galusha, J.G. (2007) 'Predicting the dynamics of animal behaviour in field populations', Animal Behaviour, 74(1), pp.103-110. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.11.015 (Accessed: 9 October 2009).

Always include:

• Author of the chapter/section (surname followed by initials)
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of chapter/section (in single quotation marks)
• 'in' plus author/editor of book
• Title of book (in italics)
• Place of publication: Publisher
• Page reference

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname (ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page reference.

Always include:

• Author/editor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of book (in italics)
• Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date)

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Always include:

• Title of publication (in italics)
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• [CD-ROM] or [DVD]
• Producer (where identifiable)
• Available: publisher/distributor

Title of publication (Year of publication) [CD-ROM] OR [DVD]. Producer. Available: Publisher/Distributor.

Always include:

• Ordnance Survey
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Sheet number, scale
• Place of publication: Publisher
• Series (in round brackets)

Ordnance Survey (Year) Title, sheet number, scale. Place of publication: Publisher (Series).

Always include:

• Photographer
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of photograph (in italics)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Always include:

• Author or tutor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of presentation (in single quotation marks)
• [Presentation slides]
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of presentation' [Presentation slides]. Module code: Module title. Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Always include

• Author
• Year of submission (in round brackets)
• Title of thesis (in italics)
• Degree statement
• Degree-awarding body

If viewed online:

• Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date)

Surname, Initial. (Year of submission) Title of thesis. Degree statement. Degree awarding body. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Always include:

• Name of person or organisation posting video
• Year video posted (in round brackets)
• Title of film or programme (in italics)
• Date uploaded (if available)
• Available at: DOI or name of streaming service/app or URL (Accessed: date)

Name of person or organisation posting video (Year video posted) Title of film or programme. Date uploaded. Available at: DOI or name of streaming service/app or URL (Accessed: date).

For more examples consult Cite Them Right Online.

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