Guide: Academic Skills: Referencing Examples

1.1 Print Book

In the text, author's surnames and date of publication are cited as for papers:

For example, "... (Surname, Year of publication) ..."

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are referenced as follows:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title. Edition. Publisher. 

1.2 Electronic Book

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

1.3 Chapters/ Sections of Edited Books

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname (ed.) Title of book. Publisher, Page reference. Or Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

2.1 Print Journal

In the text, references are cited by giving the author's surnames and date of publication:

For example, "... intake of dry matter in increased feeding (Castle, Drysdale and Weston, 1966)".

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are referenced as follows:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Issue information, Page range.

2.2 Electronic Journal Article:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Issue information, Page range. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

3.1 Author/ Organisation

Author/ Organisation (Year that the page was published/ last updated) Title of web page. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

3.2 YouTube

Name of person or organisation posting video (Year video posted) Title of film or programme. Date uploaded. Available at: DOI or name of streaming service/ app or URL (Accessed: date).

3.3 Photograph (Internet)

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

For more examples consult Cite Them Right Online.

© Bloomsbury (2023)

4.1 Tutor Lecture Notes

You should ask your tutor to clarify whether it is acceptable to cite lecture notes in your submissions. Academically it is more authoritative to refer to original and published sources.

In the text, tutor's surname and year of publication are cited:

For example, "...the tutor's handout (Karas, 2018) ..."

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are referenced as follows:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title. Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

4.2 PowerPoint Presentation

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of presentation' [Presentation slides]. Module code: Module title. Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

4.3 Recorded Lectures

Author/ speaker (Year) 'Title of lecture' [Medium]. Module code: Module title. Institution. Day month. Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

5.1 Map (Ordnance Survey)

Ordnance Survey (Year) Title, sheet number, scale. Publisher (Series).

5.2 Personal Communications

Surname, Initial. (Year of communication) Medium of communication Receiver of communication, Day/ month of communication.

5.3 Company Annual Report

Name of organisation or institution (Year of publication) Title of report. Publisher or Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

5.4 Theses

Surname, Initial. (Year of submission) Title of thesis. Degree statement. Degree awarding body. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).