LibGuides: Guide: Referencing: Referencing Examples

Books

In the text, author's surnames and date of publication are cited as for papers:

For example, "... (Cochran & Cox, 1974) ..."

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M. (1974) Experimental designs. 2nd edn. New York: Wiley.

Always include:

Author or authors - give surname followed by initials
Year of publication - in brackets
Title - give in full
Edition - if later than the first edition
Place of publication - see title page
Publisher - see title page

Journal Articles

In the text, references are cited by giving the author's surnames and date of publication:

For example, "... intake of dry matter in increased feeding (Castle, Drysdale & Weston, 1966)".

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Castle, M. E., Drysdale, A. D. & Weston, J. N. (1966) 'The effect of feeding dried sugar-beet pulp on the intake and production of dairy cows', Journal of Dairy Research, 33(2), pp.123-128.

Always include:

Author or authors - give surname followed by initials
Year of publication - in brackets
Title of article - give in full
Full title of journal or source
Volume number of journal
Part of volume - in brackets
Page numbers - numbers of the first and last pages of the paper

Handouts

You should ask your tutor to clarify whether it is acceptable to cite handouts from lectures in your submissions. Academically it is more authoritative to refer to original and published sources.

In the text, tutor's surname and year of publication are cited:

For example, "...the tutor's handout (Karas, 2018) ..."

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Karas, T. (2018) 'Health and safety checklist', HF88 46: Work placement. Scotland's Rural College. Unpublished.

Always include:

Tutor
Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Title of handout (in single quotation marks)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Institution
Unpublished

Personal Communications

Personal communications (face-to-face, telephone, Skype, e-mail, text, letter etc.) can be referenced as follows:

For example, "...this was discussed at length by Smith (2018)"...

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Smith, M. (2018) Skype conversation with Robert Anderson, 13 April.

Always include:

Sender/ speaker/ author
Year of communication (in round brackets)
Medium of communication
Receiver of communication
Day/ month of communication

Public Communications

Public communications (lectures, PowerPoint presentations, video conferences etc.) can be referenced as follows:

For example, "...the main point raised during the lecture (Hudson, 2018)"...

In the bibliography or reference list at the end, they are cited as follows:

Hudson, E. (2018) Stage 1: Planning [Lecture to HND Yr 1 Veterinary Nursing], H10X 34: HNC Graded Unit 1. Scotland's Rural College. 12 April.

Always include:

Author/ speaker
Year (in round brackets)
Title of communication (in italics)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Institution
Day/ month

Electronic Material

Web Pages

Author. (Year published/ updated) Title of webpage. Available at: URL [Accessed: Day Month Year].

(Note - If the web page has no identifiable author, use the company name or the organisation name as the author.)

Example:

DEFRA (2009) Swine Flu: Advice to pig keepers. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/swine-flu/pig-keepers.htm (Accessed: 9 October 2009).

Electronic Journal Article

Surname, Initials. (Year) 'Title of paper', Title of Journal. Volume and Issue Numbers, Page Numbers. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Example:

Henson, S.M., Dennis, B., Hayward, J.L., Cushing, J.M. and Galusha, J.G. (2007) 'Predicting the dynamics of animal behaviour in field populations', Animal Behaviour, 74(1), pp.103-110. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.11.015 (Accessed: 9 October 2009).